首頁 英文寫作課:如何讀,如何寫?

單詞在句中的排列

在簡單句中,最自然的排列順序當然是主語—謂語動詞—賓語。很多情況下其他的排列形式沒有存在的可能。因此,

例7

The cat has caught a mouse.(貓抓了一隻老鼠。)

在例句中,我們不能將主語和謂語倒置,把它變成:

The mouse has caught a cat.(老鼠抓了一隻貓。)

而不改變其意義。

而其他重新排列的結果,比如:

A mouse, the cat has caught.(一隻老鼠,貓抓了。)

雖然不影響我們對句意的理解,但這種陳述方式不夠通順,多少會讓人感到不協調。

然而,在長句中,除了主語、謂語動詞和賓語之外還有許多其他詞匯。此時,我們有更多的排列自由。我們可以將單詞按照一定順序放置,以便最優地表達句意。單詞的排列順序是否合適取決於表意的清晰度和準確度。這兩點將給予句子結構一定的風格。

很多人都熟悉格雷的《墓園挽歌》(1)中的詩句——

例8

The ploughman homeward plods his weary way.

(農夫朝著家的方向沉重緩慢又疲憊地走在路上。)

這句話可以通過排列組合形成18個不同的句子。以下是部分結果:

Homeward the ploughman plods his weary way.

The ploughman plods his weary way homeward.

Plods homeward the ploughman his weary way.

His weary way the ploughman homeward plods.

Homeward his weary way plods the ploughman.

Plods the ploughman his weary way homeward.

His weary way the ploughman plods homeward.

His weary way homeward the ploughman plods.

The ploughman plods homeward his weary way.

The ploughman his weary way plods homeward.

……

這句詩的其他任何一種排列組合都不太可能優於作者的原作。當然,作者這樣排列是為了押詩節的韻律(rhythm)和韻腳(verse)。大部分排列組合的順序取決於我們希望放在不同詞前麵來強調的內容。