前言
(p.Ⅱ)小冰的貼心和溫暖：James Risley, “Reporter John Markoff and Microsoft Research head Peter Lee talk self-drivingcars, robots taking the SAT and the AI of Hollywood,” GeekWire,October 1, 2015, www.geekwire.com/2015/reporter-john-markoff-and-microsoft-research-head-peter-lee-talkself-driving-cars-robots-taking-the-sat-and-the-ai-of-hollywood.
(p.Ⅴ)2016年，非營利雜誌：Jeff Larson et al., “How We Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm,” ProPublica, May23, 2016, www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm.
(p.Ⅵ)推送虛假新聞的算法：Abby Ohlheiser, “Threedays after removing human editors, Facebook is already trendingfake news,” Washington Post, August 29, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/theintersect/wp/2016/08/29/a-fake-headline-about-megyn-kelly-was-trending-onfacebook/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.9185140ef0f1.
(p.Ⅵ)招聘廣告中的性別偏見：Tom Simonite, “Probing the Dark Side of Google's Ad-Targeting System,” MIT Technology Review, July 6, 2015, www.technologyreview.com/s/539021/probing-the-dark-side-of-googles-adtargeting-system.
(p.Ⅵ)自動補全算法中的反猶太主義：Carole Cadwalladr, “Google, democracy and the truth about internet search,” The Guardian, December 4, 2016, www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracytruth-internet-search-facebook.
(p.Ⅵ)她稱之為“數學型殺傷性武器”：Cathy O'Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (New York: Crown, 2016).
(p.Ⅷ)根據美國監管機構的一份報告：Eric M. Aldrich, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Gregory Laughlin, “The Flash Crash: A New Deconstruction,” Social Science Research Network, January 26, 2016, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2721922.
(p.Ⅷ)根據一些估算，幾乎1萬億：Ben Rooney, “Trading program sparked May ‘flash crash,’ ” CNN Money, October 1, 2010, http://money.cnn.com/2010/10/01/markets/SEC_CFTC_flash_crash/index.htm.