早期國家，文字及發展
Baines, J., ‘Literacy, Social Organization, and the Archaeological Record: The Case of Early Egypt’, in J. Gledhill, B. Bender, and M. T. Larsen (eds.), State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, 192–214.
Baines, J. and Yoffee, N., ‘Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia’, in G. M. Feinman and J. Marcus (eds.), Archaic States, Santa Fe and New Mexico: School of American Research Press, 1998, 199–260.
Parkinson, R. and Quirke, S., Papyrus, London: British Museum, 1995.
Postgate, N., Wang, T., and Wilkinson, T., ‘The Evidence for Early Writing: Utilitarian or Ceremonial？’, Antiquity, 69 (1995), 459–480.
埃及語言
Allen, J., A Middle Egyptian Grammar, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Collier, M., and Manley, B., How to Read Hieroglyphs, London: British Museum Press, 1998.
Faulkner, R. O., A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1962.
Gardiner, A. H., Egyptian Grammar, 3rd edn., Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1957.
Hannig, R., Groβer Handw?rterbuch ?gyptisch–Deutsch, Mainz: Phillip von Zabern, 1995.
Johnson, J. H., Thus Wrote ‘Onchsheshonqy. An Introductory Grammar of Demotic’, 2nd edn., Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1991.
Junge, F., Late Egyptian Grammar, Oxford: Griffith Institute, 2001.
Loprieno, A., Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Pestman, P., The New Papyrological Primer, Leiden: Brill, 1990.
Tait, W. J., ‘Approaches to Demotic Lexicography’, in S. P. Vleeming (ed.), Aspects of Demotic Lexicography, Leuven: Peeters, 1987.
譯文選集
Lichtheim, M., Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume I: The Old and Middle Kingdom; Volume II: The New Kingdom; Volume III: The Late Period, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973–1980.